![]() Plant J 39:366–380īogs J, Jaffé FW, Takos AM, Walker AR, Robinson SP (2007) The grapevine transcription factor VvMYBPA1 regulates proanthocyanidin synthesis during fruit development. J Plant Growth Regul 26:143–159īaudry A, Heim MA, Dubreucq B, Caboche M, Weisshaar B, Lepiniec L (2004) TT2, TT8, and TTG1 synergistically specify the expression of BANYULS and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 48:958–970īarry CS, Giovannoni JJ (2007) Ethylene and fruit ripening. Plant Cell Physiol 56:650–662īan Y, Honda C, Hatsuyama Y, Igarashi M, Bessho H, Moriguchi T (2007) Isolation and functional analysis of a MYB transcription factor gene that is a key regulator for the development of red coloration in apple skin. ![]() J Plant Physiol 169:710–717Īn XH, Tian Y, Chen KQ, Liu XJ, Liu DD, Xie XB, Cheng CG, Cong PH, Hao YJ (2015) MdMYB9 and MdMYB11 are involved in the regulation of the JA-induced biosynthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in apples. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR LUC:Ĥ-Methylumbellifery-β- d-glucuronide hydrateĪn XH, Tian Y, Chen KQ, Wang XF, Hao YJ (2012) The apple WD40 protein MdTTG1 interacts with bHLH but not MYB proteins to regulate anthocyanin accumulation. Taken together, our findings provide an insight into the regulatory mechanisms in the ethylene pathway that increase anthocyanin and PA accumulation in apple.īimolecular fluorescence complementation assay DAFB:Įlectrophoretic mobility shift assay TFs: This was in agreement with MdERF1B’s overexpression in calli, which barely affected MdMYB1 expression. In a luciferase reporter assay, MdERF1B mainly activated proMdMYB9 and proMdMYB11, promoting their expression levels. Furthermore, in yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, MdERF1B also bound to the promoters of MdMYB9, MdMYB1, and MdMYB11. MdERF1B interacted with MdMYB9, MdMYB1, and MdMYB11 proteins in yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. As a result, the levels of anthocyanins and PAs were significantly increased in the MdERF1B-overexpressing calli. Compared with the control calli, the MdERF1B-overexpressing calli showed increased expression levels of MdACO1, MdERF1, and MdERF3 in the ethylene pathway and MdCHS, MdCHI, MdF3H, MdDFR, MdANS, MdLAR, MdANR, MdMYB9 and MdMYB11 in the flavonoid pathway. ‘Orin’ calli overexpressing MdERF1B were generated and then analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. In this study, an ethylene response factor (ERF), MdERF1B, was identified and functionally characterized. Ethylene can enhance reddening of apple ( Malus × domestica), but the regulatory mechanism is poorly understood. Abstractĭietary anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs) have health benefits for humans, and are associated with decreased risks of coronary heart disease and cancer. The regulator MdERF1B in the apple ( Malus × domestica) ethylene pathway mainly acts on MdMYB9 and MdMYB11 to regulate anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation.
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